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Levens Hall

The world's oldest topiary garden

The gardens at Levens Hall are best known as the home of the world’s oldest topiary garden, an extraordinary collection of ancient box and yew trees sculpted into abstract and geometric shapes.

The finest surviving example of a late seventeenth-century topiary garden

Laid out in 1694 by Monsieur Guillaume Beaumont for Colonel James Grahme (1650–1730), the gardens at Levens Hall are the finest surviving example of a late seventeenth-century topiary garden in the United Kingdom.

During the reign of King James II, Colonel James Grahme held influential court positions as Keeper of the Privy Purse and Master of the Buckhounds, roles that placed him at the heart of royal life. As a mark of royal favour, he was granted a lease of Bagshot Park in Surrey, where the talented French gardener, Guillaume Beaumont, worked for a time. 

Following the Glorious Revolution, James II was overthrown and replaced by William of Orange and his wife Mary, Grahme fell from Royal favour and sought a new home. In 1688, Grahme purchased the Levens estate from the Bellingham family. The hall, which originated as a pele tower, was altered and refurbished by James Bellingham around 1580. It is the largest Elizabethan house in the county and retains a fine contemporary interior.

The creation of Levens Hall

Beaumont arrived at Levens Hall in 1694, and set about designing a garden in the fashion of the time with strong structural elements, formal topiary, and symmetrical flower beds, known as a parterre.

In the summer of 1699, Grahme made Levens Hall his principal residence, and soon after, a house was built for Beaumont at the southern end of the stable range, which has been used as the Head Gardener’s residence since that time.

The Bagot family, who have owned and cared for Levens since 1885, can trace their ancestry back to Colonel Grahme. Similarly, head gardeners have tended to devote their lifetime’s work to Levens. 

In 1778, the early travel writer, Thomas West, described Levens Hall as having “a curious specimen of the old stile of gardening … as laid out by the gardener of King James II.” This shows that by the time West was writing, over eighty years later, the garden fashions had changed dramatically. Gardens contemporary to those set out by Beaumont, like William and Mary’s Garden at Hampton Court, can now only be evoked through historical presentation, but at Levens it is possible to walk into a layout of the same period which remains largely intact.

Influential Topiary

Over time the topiary has developed into incredible shapes, assisted by human ingenuity and fertile imagination.

Chris Crowder, the current head gardener, describes the garden in his book The Gardens at Levens (2005) as ‘a fantastical gathering of giant green overblown mushrooms, leaning loaves, tall, teetering towers and ballooning bulbous blimps of yew, with smaller, almost human forms and figures in rounded box beneath them, caught, freeze-framed, in an absurd dance, their contorted movement stilled in some surreal Disney or Daliesque scene’. 

Every year, the mammoth task of clipping and shaping the topiary begins on the 1st of September and continues until Christmas and often beyond. The best time to see it is in the Spring, before the new growth has had a chance to develop. Levens has led the way in establishing World Topiary Day, a May event now celebrated by topiary gardens around the world.

Although the garden is famous for its topiary, there is much else to see. One striking feature is the Beech Circle. It lies at the heart of the garden and divides and defines it, forming a hub from which radiate four quartered pathways leading to different parts of the garden. The ancient hedge has spread outwards and upwards to such an extent that it is now over five meters, both in height and girth. Other features include long herbaceous borders themed in different colour palettes, as well as a rose garden and a fountain garden. Levens also lays claim to the oldest recorded ha-ha in the country, mentioned in family papers from 1695. It was created by Beaumont in about 1693 to provide a barrier between the gardens and the meadowland beyond leading down to the River Kent.

Levens Hall

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